The results suggest that plasticity in the phenology and life‐history traits of range‐expanding species would be important to enhance their fitness in high latitude environments, facilitating their persistence and possible further poleward expansions. rivulatus, but also lower length at maturity, increasing life‐time reproductive output. Low primary productivity and temperature in the Mediterranean Sea resulted in lower growth rates and body sizes for S. Populations at highest latitudes had shortened their reproductive periods and reduced growth rates, taking longer to reach sexual maturity and maximum sizes, but compensated this with higher fecundity per length class and longer lifespans than populations in warmer environments. Life‐history trait information from across their global distribution was compiled from the published literature and meta‐analyses were conducted to assess changes in (i) the onset and duration of reproductive periods, (ii) size at maturity, (iii) fecundity, (iv) growth rates, (v) maximum body sizes and (vi) longevity in populations at the leading edge of range expansion in relation to sea surface temperature and primary productivity (a common proxy for nutritional resource levels). Both species have established abundant populations at higher latitudes (poleward) in the northern and southern hemispheres and have been identified as important ecological engineers with the potential to alter the community structure of seaweed forests (Laminariales and Fucales) in temperate regions. We examined the effect that changes in biogeography can have on the life‐history traits of two of the most successful range‐extending fish species in the world: the tropical rabbitfishes Siganus fuscescens and Siganus rivulatus. Evidence of these effects have increased over recent decades however, we still have a poor understanding of the possible outcomes of their interplay across global climatic gradients, hindering our ability to accurately predict the consequences of climate change in populations and ecosystems. Global warming is modifying the phenology, life‐history traits and biogeography of species around the world. Based on the obtained results and considering the data extraction process, we presented various recommendations for the researchers that will use the PlotDigitizer program for the quantitative analysis of single-case graphs.
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The results showed that PlotDigitizer could be an alternative to other programs as it is free and can run on many current and outdated systems, and it is valid and reliable as it is nearly perfect. Based on our sampling, we calculated intercoder and intracoder Pearson correlation coefficients. Besides, using the values we digitized, we recalculated the 23 effect sizes presented in the original articles for validity analysis.
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We performed the digitization of 6.846 data points on three different computers using 15 hypothetical graphs with 20 data series and 186 graphs with 242 data series from 29 published articles to accomplish the goal.
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In this study, we aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of the PlotDigitizer software program, which is widely used in literature and an alternative to other data extraction programs, on computers with different operating systems. Researchers typically use data extraction software programs to extract raw data from the graphs in articles. Limitations and directions for future research are explored.Īccess to raw data of graphs presented in original articles to calculate the effect size of single-case research is a challenge for researchers conducting studies such as meta-analysis. Additionally, both programs allow for reliable extraction of data between raters and between software programs. Study findings suggest that both GraphClick and DataThief III provide valid methods of data extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the validity and reliability of the results yielded by each of these programs when evaluating the results of multiple research studies on the Good Behavior Game, a classroom-based intervention which has been in practice since 1969. Researchers consistently use two software programs, DataThief III and GraphClick to conduct meta-analytic work using SSEDs.
Until recently, researchers wishing to undertake meta-analytic research themselves have had limited options for synthesizing the intervention effects of a collection of studies. In the realm of single-subject experimental designs (SSEDs), meta-analyses have a particular cachet: retaining the rigor of single-subject designs with the added robustness of replication to more fully determine the strength of a given approach or intervention. Researchers frequently rely on meta-analyses of prior research studies to efficiently evaluate a broad spectrum of results on a particular topic.
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